What term is often used to describe reasoning that leads to a conclusion or belief?

The term that describes the process of reasoning that leads to a conclusion or belief is "reasoning." This involves the cognitive processes whereby one analyzes information, applies logic, and draws conclusions based on premises or evidence. Reasoning can take various forms, such as deductive or inductive reasoning, and is fundamental to forming beliefs, making decisions, and solving problems.

While argumentation refers to the structured presentation of reasons or arguments, it is more about how a belief is defended rather than the internal reasoning process that leads to it. Analysis, on the other hand, typically involves breaking down a concept into its components to understand it better, which is a step in the reasoning process but does not directly encompass the entire reasoning journey. Persuasion, while connected to influencing others' beliefs or opinions, primarily relates to the methods used to convince someone rather than the underlying reasoning that forms an individual’s conclusion. Hence, "reasoning" accurately captures the essence of the thought process leading to a conclusion or belief.